“A large populace held in check by a small but powerful force is quite a common situation in our universe. And we know the major conditions wherein this large populace may turn upon its keepers -
One: When they find a leader. This is the most volatile threat to the powerful; they must retain control of the leaders.
Two: When the populace recognises it’s chains. Keep the populace blind and unquestioning.
Three: When the populace perceives a hope of escape from bondage. They must never even believe that escape is possible!”
Herbert, Frank, “Children of Dune“, 1976, Great Britain, p. 104.
However, one could add that populations have an uncanny knack of removing leaders who do not eventually achieve the basic desires of that populace; nourishment, shelter, entertainment. There are some things a populace cannot be fooled about – an empty stomach, cold or heat, unhappiness. Of course these states are relative – the human state is always relative – but within its own scale a populace can be aware.
It is all to tempting to ascribe mindlessness to the masses, merely because they are many. Accident and individual should not be discounted, but very rarely in history can events be ascribed purely to the desires and directions of the powerful. The great, communal hordes always have a say.
Those that credit the rise of the Third Reich and its policies simply to Hitler’s leadership foolishly ignore the social and economic climate not only allowing that perverted genius to have his way but actively pushing the Reich down its ill fated and evil road.
The ultimate error of the powerful is to forget from where their power arises.
Power is truly in the people, the malleable, stupid, blind but infinitely hungry people.